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In a woman’s body, there is a team of four hormones that play the lead role in initiating and supporting the process of labour and birth. This team consists of oxytocin, endorphins, adrenaline and prolactin. The labouring mother’s mental and physical condition, as well as her environment, can affect the release and effectiveness of these hormones thus assisting, or in some cases disrupting, the birth process.

Because it is involved during love making, birthing, breastfeeding, and bonding, oxytocin is often referred to as “The Love Hormone.” It helps mammals feel good and prompts nurturing feelings and behaviour.

Oxytocin is produced in the reproduction organs of mammals (ovaries in females and testes in males) and hypothalamus in the brain, released into the blood via the pituitary gland.

The hypothalamus is stimulated to produce oxytocin by the drop in progesterone a few hours before labour begins. The levels of oxytocin remain relatively stable in the latent, or excitement, phase of labour, rising steadily throughout and then sharply before the birth, stimulating the fetal ejection reflex, a term coined and described by Michel Odent.

Oxytocin release peaks once again with the delivery of the placenta, assisted by the baby at the breast, stimulating the nipples. Maternal oxytocin levels then dwindle over the next hour or so whereas newborn levels peak approximately half an hour after birth and remain elevated for at least four days. This period of time where both mum and baby are under the influence of hormones, namely oxytocin, is known as “The Babymoon”.

As well as a rise in the levels of the hormone oxytocin in labour, the number of actual oxytocin receptors increases gradually as well – gradually throughout pregnancy, then sharply during labour as a result from increasing level of estrogen throughout the body. The rise of receptor concentration ensures that oxytocin can have the effect to help birth the baby at the very end of pregnancy.

Without the introduction of inhibiting factors, which will be discussed later, oxytocin creates a positive feedback loop during labour and birth. As oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus, released into the body via the pituitary gland, it stimulates uterine contractions, which, in turn, transmits a signal back to the hypothalamus to produce more oxytocin, and this process continues until the baby is born. Afterwards, the physical stimulation of the mother’s nipples broadcast a signal to the hypothalamus in less than a second, causing neurons to release even more oxytocin, aiding the separation and birth of the placenta.

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In the late 18th century, the Industrial Revolution marked an era in human civilization where there was a tremendous shift in the ways that people worked, what was produced and how. Manual-based labor was replaced by machinery and industries that could manufacture products at exponential rates than they could have been made before. The impact of this change was enormous on societies not only in Western Europe and North America, but all over the world.
These contemporary times are marked by the Digital Revolution, another key movement that changes the workings of entire societies. The Digital Revolution refers to the present time and the global economy’s shift in focus away from the production of physical goods and towards the manipulation of information. Today, information is the largest commodity and who has access to it has become one of the most important factors in economic success. The Digital Revolution includes the markets of information technology or products that are a means of accessing information such as computers and the components it utilizes both hardware and software, modems to access information, servers and satellites. Cellular phones have connected people in a way never conceived of in the past and satellite-based information such as global positioning systems (GPS) networks and digital television have certainly changed the lifestyles of the average person today. The Internet has become the largest source of information and is the ultimate medium to accelerate the flow of relevant information and is the fastest growing form of media. As such, it is important to consider the implications that the Digital Revolution and the widespread use of the Internet has made on the marketing industry.
Marketing relies on current tools and innovations to discern consumer trends in need for certain products. With the task of creating consumer awareness for a product or service and being able to manipulate those consumers to move toward those products, marketing demands the most current information to analyze their demographic base and consumer desires. These need to constantly be current in order for a business to prosper over a long period of time. Market research to anticipate a consumer’s future needs and wants affects the advertising, distribution and selling trends that a business conducts. In the wake of the Digital Revolution, marketing has benefited from greater customization of products, services, and promotional messages than other marketing tools previously available. In the 4 P’s of the Marketing Mix, the Digital Revolution has had significant impact, changing everything from the very products sold to the promotion and strategic placing of those products.

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The history of America did not end with The Revolution, but so many events followed and these events kept the history going to this day. Some of these events included the immigration towards the west of the United States, the conflict and wars with indigenous tribes especially the red Indians who were very fierce and who never easily gave fighting to protect their land from foreign occupiers. There was also the building of the railway across the land. Then the American Civil War came. The American Civil War is one a war that will be remembered throughout the history of the United States of American due to what caused it, its progress and the fruits of its end. All these touched and influenced the Native American culture to a larger extent.
Andrew Jackson and the Westward Movement
From early 1800s many immigrants were from Europe more especially from England and France. Many of the immigrants were following the foot steps of their ancestors who had early run away from these countries because of persecution which had taken place. Many came to the United States after wars of revolutions like the French Revolution. The immigrants landed in the east coast of the United States. As the population soared in the East coast many opted to move to the central and westwards of the US. For instance, Daniel, (1990) says “about thirty immigrants landed in the United States in 1818”. As many moved towards the central of the US they faced many challenges and some resistance from the indigenous Indian communities who were fighting for their land. Thousands of the immigrants settled in the unoccupied Appalachian highlands which were very fertile for farming activities. Within this period the civil war broke out and it disrupted the immigration patterns even though many people had already settled in many lands apart from the west coast. “Out of war nations acquire additional territory if they are vicious and unfortunately the new land is exploited by a few” notes (Butler…78). The migration to the west was to decongest the east side of America, some wanted to adventure, some moved to look for larger lands for farming. Industries and the rail network also influence some to move to the west to find jobs.
Andrew Jackson was elected President of The United States of America in the year 1832. This is the time when the migration to the west of the United States was at its but with great resistance form the Red Indians fighting viciously to secure their land. President Andrew Jackson signed an act that facilitated for the Indians to be moved from their ancestral lands including Mississippi. The president devoted most his time to talk about the policy that meant remove the Indians out of the way because by then commerce and industry were growing. He signed the policy and was committed to destroy the opposition of the Indians or destroy them. The president said, (Daniel…103) “Our conduct toward these people is deeply interesting in our national character.

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Whеthеr іt іs pоеtry, prоsе, оr nоn-fісtіоn, wrіtеrs nоt оnly wrеstlе wіth thеіr оwn thоughts, tryіng tо fіnd thе prесіsе wоrds thаt еxprеss thеіr mеаnіng mоst сlеаrly, but thеy аlsо dо sо hоpіng, соnsсіоusly оr nоt, thаt thеіr еffоrt wіll nоt hаvе bееn іn vаіn. Thеy wrіtе fоr оthеrs, аnd thе rоаd оur wоrds tаkе tо thе mіnds оf оur rеаdеrs іs unсеrtаіn, rеplеtе wіth оbstасlеs, dеtоurs, аnd dеаd еnds. (Bеnsоn, 34-36)
Muсh саn gеt lоst аlоng thе wаy. Thіs іs pаrtісulаrly truе оf pоеtry, thаt mоst pеrsоnаl оf lіtеrаry mоdеs, аnd nоwhеrе mоrе sо thаn іn trаnslаtіоn. Аll thе dіffісultіеs оf vеrbаl еxprеssіоn аrе mаgnіfіеd іn thе асt оf trаnslаtіng, fоr еvеn сulturеs whісh shаrе thе sаmе lаnguаgе dоn’t аutоmаtісаlly sее thе wоrld іn thе sаmе wаy; е.g., thе dіffісultіеs Brіtіsh аudіеnсеs hаvе wіth Аmеrісаn humоr, аnd vісе-vеrsа. (Buіtеnhuіs, 2-7)
Аn оld Іtаlіаn prоvеrb sаys, “Trаdіtоrе trаdutоrе,” whісh mеаns “tо trаnslаtе іs tо bеtrаy.” Аnd whіlе thаt іs аlwаys truе іn аn еxасt sеnsе, іt оbsсurеs whаt іs undоubtеdly truе fоr аll suсh trаnsсulturаl mоvеmеnts – sоmе mеаnіngs dо саrry асrоss. Sо іt іs аll thе mоrе rеmаrkаblе whеn оnе fіnds а соllесtіоn оf pоеms thаt mаnаgеs tо brіdgе thеsе mаny dіvіdеs. Аnd thаt іs whаt соnсеrns us іn thіs slіm yеt mаrvеlоus vоlumе оf pоеtry by а grоup оf Kоrеаn еx-pаtrіаtеs іn thе grеаtеr Wаshіngtоn аrеа. (Buss, 54-57)
“Frаgrаnсе оf Pоеtry,” trаnslаtеd by Еunhwа Сhое аnd Yеаrn Hоng Сhоі, іs thе fіrst іn whаt оnе hоpеs wіll bе а sеrіеs оf аnthоlоgіеs by Kоrеаn pоеts lіvіng іn thе Unіtеd Stаtеs. Mr. Сhоі, prеsіdеnt оf thе Kоrеаn-Аmеrісаn Pоеts’ Grоup, hаs shоwn grеаt fаіth іn shеphеrdіng thе wоrk оf 15 Kоrеаn pоеts, іnсludіng hіs оwn, tо publісаtіоn.
Whаt dоеs оnе fіnd hеrе? Thеsе аrе fіrst-gеnеrаtіоn Kоrеаn Аmеrісаns. Аnd thеy spеаk tо us оf thе іmmіgrаnt lіfе – thе jоy оf dіsсоvеry іn thеіr nеw hоmеlаnd, thе frustrаtіng еffоrt tо brіdgе gаps оf lаnguаgе аnd сulturе, аnd thе sоrrоw аnd pаіn оf thе lоss оf сulturаl grоundіng. Hоwеvеr rеmоvеd thіs іmmіgrаnt еxpеrіеnсе mаy bе frоm thе nаtіvе bоrn, thе соmmоnаlіty оf humаn еxpеrіеnсе іs frеsh аnd іmmеdіаtе. (Саllаnаn,12-19)
Іn mаny pоеms, thе rеаdеr іs rеwаrdеd wіth glіmpsеs іntо Kоrеаn сulturе – thе wаy thеy vаluе соurаgе аnd rеsіlіеnсy іn thе fасе оf grеаt hаrdshіp, hоw thеy sееk sоlасе іn nаturе, thе wаy thеy саlmly, yеt wіth grеаt fееlіng, ассеpt thеіr fаtе.
Іn аddіtіоn tо thеsе іnsіghts, wе соmе аwаy wіth а lаrgеr sеnsе оf оur kіnshіp аs humаn bеіngs, hоw wе аll fасе thе fundаmеntаl сhаllеngеs оf lіfе – fіndіng аnd gіvіng lоvе, prеsеrvіng оur mеmоrіеs, fасіng оur mоrtаlіty. Аs Е. Еthеlbеrt Mіllеr, Dіrесtоr оf thе Аfrісаn-Аmеrісаn Rеsоurсе Сеntеr аt Hоwаrd Unіvеrsіty, sаіd іn hіs fоrеwоrd, “Іt’s sаd thаt wе dоn’t knоw mоrе аbоut Kоrеа аnd Kоrеаn сulturе.”
Thеsе pоеms hеlp tо сhаngе thаt. Іn а wоrld оf аlmоst іnstаnt glоbаl соmmunісаtіоn, оf grоwіng іntеrdеpеndеnсy, іt’s іrоnіс thаt wе rеmаіn sо іgnоrаnt оf оnе аnоthеr. Thаt іgnоrаnсе mаіntаіns оur іsоlаtіоn.

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The use of the term “imperialism” to refer to the United States and how she conducts her foreign policies made its first appearance in the early 1800s by the “American Anti-Imperialist League” as part of its mission of condemning post-war American military excesses and brutalities abroad. It then begs the question as to what constitutes imperialism; where does it start and where does it end? In the context of our contemporary politically-charged international terrain, can the American role of a “global police force” be likened to imperialistic tendencies? If not, who then polices the police? What is the legitimacy of America’s claim to empire status? Is the radical infiltration of American military might and democratic values across the global corridors in tune with contemporary political normative standards? It is in the light of the foregoing questions that the central premise of this essay will be hinged on the relevance or otherwise of the so-called American imperialistic tendencies packaged in an ongoing conservative policy of aggressive militarism across the global frontier.
Nonetheless, another school of thought is of the strong opinion that the persistent abuse of the term “imperialism” has rendered it an ineffective tool for conducting insightful analysis of American role in the international political arena. According to Miller (1982), the United States’ claim of blamelessness amidst the raging debate of its imperialism has rather heated the fracases of the debate. In his view, all the contending issues of the debate cannot be treated in isolation with the historical genesis of the presumed label placed on Uncle Sam. The Spanish-American War of 1898, is a case in point, was fought on the motivation of an insatiable desire for territorial integrity and an extreme motive of territorial annexation. America eventually emerged as the victor of this bitter squabble that witnessed the usage of both diplomatic maneuverings and military might. Without going into the specific details of this war, it can still be strongly established that this war set the right stage for all subsequent developments in American foreign and security policies. It is even interesting to note that some historians argue that early manifestations of American traditional imperialist inclinations predates the period of the American-Spanish War into the forefronts of the early displacement of native Indians.
Domestically, public opinion as to whether America is pursuing a policy of radical isolationism and militarism is sharply fragmented, thus making it difficult to arrive at a conclusion. What is thus observed is summarized below
• Extremely critical Americans are inclined to overstate the nation’s flaws, without placing them in the appropriate historical and global framework.
• The second group represents Americans who are of the opinion that imperialism is akin to aberration.

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